Types

Implements (none)

Methods

• is<Target>(): Booleanvalue is Target source
• narrow<Target>(): CastError ! Targetchecked downcast source
• typeOf(): Typethe type the value actually has source

no values, so no methods - Never fits every type

Implements Equatable, Hashable, ToString, Default (undefined), Copy

Implements Equatable, Hashable, ToString

Functions

• of(value: Unknown): Typethe type value actually has - value.typeOf() source
• named(name: String): Typethe type written as name - "Point", "Shape.Circle" source

Methods

• name(): String"Array<U8>" source
• generics(): Array<Type>its type arguments - [U8] for Array<U8> source
• implements(interface: Interface): Booleanit has an implement of interface source
• isAssignableFrom(other: Type): Booleana value of other fits here source
• fields(): Map<String, Type>empty unless Struct / Tuple source
• variants(): Array<Type>empty unless Enum / Union source
• size(): U64bytes a value occupies source

Implements Equatable, Hashable, Comparable (false < true), ToString, FromString, Logical (short-circuiting), Default (false), Copy

Functions

• parse(text: String): ParseError ! Boolean"true" | "false" source

Methods

• not(): Booleannot a source
• and(other: Boolean): Booleana and b source
• or(other: Boolean): Booleana or b source
• xor(other: Boolean): Booleana xor b source
• iff(other: Boolean): Booleana iff b source
• implies(other: Boolean): Booleannot a or b source
• toTrilean(): Trileantrue or false as a Trilean source

Implements Equatable, Hashable, ToString, FromString, Logical (Kleene), Default (null), Copy

Functions

• parse(text: String): ParseError ! Trilean"true" | "false" | "null" source

Methods

• not(): TrileanKleene: not null is null source
• and(other: Trilean): Trileanfalse wins over null source
• or(other: Trilean): Trileantrue wins over null source
• xor(other: Trilean): Trileannull when either side is source
• iff(other: Trilean): Trileannull when either side is source
• isKnown(): Booleannot null source
• toBoolean(): Boolean?undefined for null source
• orElse(fallback: Boolean): Booleanfallback for null source

Implements Equatable, Hashable, Comparable (Less < Equal < Greater), ToString, Copy

Functions

• of<T: Comparable>(a: T, b: T): Orderinga.compare(b) source

Methods

• reverse(): OrderingLess <-> Greater source
• then(other: Ordering): Orderingself unless Equal, then other - chains comparisons source
• thenBy(next: Lambda<(), Ordering>): Orderinglazy then source
• isLess(): Booleanself is Less source
• isEqual(): Booleanself is Equal source
• isGreater(): Booleanself is Greater source
• toInteger(): S8-1 | 0 | 1 source

U8 U16 U32 U64 U128 U256 S8 S16 S32 S64 S128 S256 (and Integer, UnsignedInteger, SignedInteger through their aliases)

+ - * // ^ and `as` give an OverflowError for a result that doesn't fit; +% -% *% wrap around and

+| -| *| fill up to min() / max() instead (the wrapping / saturating methods)

Implements Equatable, Hashable, Comparable, Bounded, ToString, FromString (radix 10), Numeric, Bitwise, Steppable, Castable<every numeric type>, Default (0), Copy

Functions

• min(): Selfsmallest value source
• max(): Selflargest value source
• bits(): U168, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256 source
• parse(text: String, radix: U8 := 10): ParseError ! Selfin the given radix (2 to 36), optional sign, _ separators allowed source
• fromBytes(bytes: Bytes): ParseError ! Selflittle-endian, exactly bits() / 8 bytes source

Methods

• abs(): SelfS*.min().abs() is an OverflowError source
• sign(): S8-1 | 0 | 1 source
• isZero(): Boolean== 0 source
• isPositive(): Boolean> 0 source
• isNegative(): Boolean< 0 source
• isEven(): Booleandivisible by 2 source
• isOdd(): Booleannot divisible by 2 source
• min(other: Self): Selfthe smaller of the two source
• max(other: Self): Selfthe larger of the two source
• clamp(range: Range<Self>): Selfself kept within range source
• pow(exponent: U32): Selfself raised to exponent - an OverflowError when it doesn't fit source
• sqrt(): CastError ! Selffloor of the square root - a CastError below zero source
• gcd(other: Self): Selfgreatest common divisor - 0 when both are 0 source
• lcm(other: Self): Selfleast common multiple - 0 when either is 0 source
• divMod(other: Self): (Self, Self)(a // b, a % b) source
• modulo(other: Self): Selfalways the divisor's sign, unlike % source
• checkedAdd(other: Self): OverflowError ! Selfa + b - the OverflowError as a value to handle source
• checkedSubtract(other: Self): OverflowError ! Selfa - b - the OverflowError as a value to handle source
• checkedMultiply(other: Self): OverflowError ! Selfa * b - the OverflowError as a value to handle source
• wrappingAdd(other: Self): Selfa +% b source
• wrappingSubtract(other: Self): Selfa -% b source
• wrappingMultiply(other: Self): Selfa *% b source
• saturatingAdd(other: Self): Selfa +| b source
• saturatingSubtract(other: Self): Selfa -| b source
• saturatingMultiply(other: Self): Selfa *| b source
• bor(other: Self): Selfa bor b source
• bxor(other: Self): Selfa bxor b source
• band(other: Self): Selfa band b source
• bnot(): Self~a source
• shl(count: U64): Selfa shl b source
• shr(count: U64): Selfa shr b (arithmetic for S*, logical for U*) source
• rotateLeft(count: U8): Selfbits shifted left, those falling off the top coming back at the bottom source
• rotateRight(count: U8): Selfbits shifted right, those falling off the bottom coming back at the top source
• countOnes(): U8bits set source
• countZeros(): U8bits clear source
• leadingZeros(): U8clear bits above the highest set one - bits() when zero source
• trailingZeros(): U8clear bits below the lowest set one - bits() when zero source
• isPowerOfTwo(): Booleanexactly one bit set source
• bit(index: U8): Booleanbit index is set - 0 the least significant source
• withBit(index: U8, value: Boolean): Selfself with bit index set or cleared source
• toString(radix: U8 := 10): StringToString, with an optional radix source
• toBytes(): Byteslittle-endian source
• toFloat(): Floatnearest F64 - `as Float` source
• toBigInteger(): BigIntegerthe same number, as a BigInteger source
• toCodepoint(): CastError ! Codepointthe codepoint with this value - a CastError for surrogates, negatives and above 0x10FFFF source
• checkedCast<Target>(): CastError ! Target`as`, with a CastError where `as` gives an OverflowError source

U8 U16 U32 U64 U128 U256 S8 S16 S32 S64 S128 S256 (and Integer, UnsignedInteger, SignedInteger through their aliases)

+ - * // ^ and `as` give an OverflowError for a result that doesn't fit; +% -% *% wrap around and

+| -| *| fill up to min() / max() instead (the wrapping / saturating methods)

Implements Equatable, Hashable, Comparable, Bounded, ToString, FromString (radix 10), Numeric, Bitwise, Steppable, Castable<every numeric type>, Default (0), Copy

Functions

• min(): Selfsmallest value source
• max(): Selflargest value source
• bits(): U168, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256 source
• parse(text: String, radix: U8 := 10): ParseError ! Selfin the given radix (2 to 36), optional sign, _ separators allowed source
• fromBytes(bytes: Bytes): ParseError ! Selflittle-endian, exactly bits() / 8 bytes source

Methods

• abs(): SelfS*.min().abs() is an OverflowError source
• sign(): S8-1 | 0 | 1 source
• isZero(): Boolean== 0 source
• isPositive(): Boolean> 0 source
• isNegative(): Boolean< 0 source
• isEven(): Booleandivisible by 2 source
• isOdd(): Booleannot divisible by 2 source
• min(other: Self): Selfthe smaller of the two source
• max(other: Self): Selfthe larger of the two source
• clamp(range: Range<Self>): Selfself kept within range source
• pow(exponent: U32): Selfself raised to exponent - an OverflowError when it doesn't fit source
• sqrt(): CastError ! Selffloor of the square root - a CastError below zero source
• gcd(other: Self): Selfgreatest common divisor - 0 when both are 0 source
• lcm(other: Self): Selfleast common multiple - 0 when either is 0 source
• divMod(other: Self): (Self, Self)(a // b, a % b) source
• modulo(other: Self): Selfalways the divisor's sign, unlike % source
• checkedAdd(other: Self): OverflowError ! Selfa + b - the OverflowError as a value to handle source
• checkedSubtract(other: Self): OverflowError ! Selfa - b - the OverflowError as a value to handle source
• checkedMultiply(other: Self): OverflowError ! Selfa * b - the OverflowError as a value to handle source
• wrappingAdd(other: Self): Selfa +% b source
• wrappingSubtract(other: Self): Selfa -% b source
• wrappingMultiply(other: Self): Selfa *% b source
• saturatingAdd(other: Self): Selfa +| b source
• saturatingSubtract(other: Self): Selfa -| b source
• saturatingMultiply(other: Self): Selfa *| b source
• bor(other: Self): Selfa bor b source
• bxor(other: Self): Selfa bxor b source
• band(other: Self): Selfa band b source
• bnot(): Self~a source
• shl(count: U64): Selfa shl b source
• shr(count: U64): Selfa shr b (arithmetic for S*, logical for U*) source
• rotateLeft(count: U8): Selfbits shifted left, those falling off the top coming back at the bottom source
• rotateRight(count: U8): Selfbits shifted right, those falling off the bottom coming back at the top source
• countOnes(): U8bits set source
• countZeros(): U8bits clear source
• leadingZeros(): U8clear bits above the highest set one - bits() when zero source
• trailingZeros(): U8clear bits below the lowest set one - bits() when zero source
• isPowerOfTwo(): Booleanexactly one bit set source
• bit(index: U8): Booleanbit index is set - 0 the least significant source
• withBit(index: U8, value: Boolean): Selfself with bit index set or cleared source
• toString(radix: U8 := 10): StringToString, with an optional radix source
• toBytes(): Byteslittle-endian source
• toFloat(): Floatnearest F64 - `as Float` source
• toBigInteger(): BigIntegerthe same number, as a BigInteger source
• toCodepoint(): CastError ! Codepointthe codepoint with this value - a CastError for surrogates, negatives and above 0x10FFFF source
• checkedCast<Target>(): CastError ! Target`as`, with a CastError where `as` gives an OverflowError source

U8 U16 U32 U64 U128 U256 S8 S16 S32 S64 S128 S256 (and Integer, UnsignedInteger, SignedInteger through their aliases)

+ - * // ^ and `as` give an OverflowError for a result that doesn't fit; +% -% *% wrap around and

+| -| *| fill up to min() / max() instead (the wrapping / saturating methods)

Implements Equatable, Hashable, Comparable, Bounded, ToString, FromString (radix 10), Numeric, Bitwise, Steppable, Castable<every numeric type>, Default (0), Copy

Functions

• min(): Selfsmallest value source
• max(): Selflargest value source
• bits(): U168, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256 source
• parse(text: String, radix: U8 := 10): ParseError ! Selfin the given radix (2 to 36), optional sign, _ separators allowed source
• fromBytes(bytes: Bytes): ParseError ! Selflittle-endian, exactly bits() / 8 bytes source

Methods

• abs(): SelfS*.min().abs() is an OverflowError source
• sign(): S8-1 | 0 | 1 source
• isZero(): Boolean== 0 source
• isPositive(): Boolean> 0 source
• isNegative(): Boolean< 0 source
• isEven(): Booleandivisible by 2 source
• isOdd(): Booleannot divisible by 2 source
• min(other: Self): Selfthe smaller of the two source
• max(other: Self): Selfthe larger of the two source
• clamp(range: Range<Self>): Selfself kept within range source
• pow(exponent: U32): Selfself raised to exponent - an OverflowError when it doesn't fit source
• sqrt(): CastError ! Selffloor of the square root - a CastError below zero source
• gcd(other: Self): Selfgreatest common divisor - 0 when both are 0 source
• lcm(other: Self): Selfleast common multiple - 0 when either is 0 source
• divMod(other: Self): (Self, Self)(a // b, a % b) source
• modulo(other: Self): Selfalways the divisor's sign, unlike % source
• checkedAdd(other: Self): OverflowError ! Selfa + b - the OverflowError as a value to handle source
• checkedSubtract(other: Self): OverflowError ! Selfa - b - the OverflowError as a value to handle source
• checkedMultiply(other: Self): OverflowError ! Selfa * b - the OverflowError as a value to handle source
• wrappingAdd(other: Self): Selfa +% b source
• wrappingSubtract(other: Self): Selfa -% b source
• wrappingMultiply(other: Self): Selfa *% b source
• saturatingAdd(other: Self): Selfa +| b source
• saturatingSubtract(other: Self): Selfa -| b source
• saturatingMultiply(other: Self): Selfa *| b source
• bor(other: Self): Selfa bor b source
• bxor(other: Self): Selfa bxor b source
• band(other: Self): Selfa band b source
• bnot(): Self~a source
• shl(count: U64): Selfa shl b source
• shr(count: U64): Selfa shr b (arithmetic for S*, logical for U*) source
• rotateLeft(count: U8): Selfbits shifted left, those falling off the top coming back at the bottom source
• rotateRight(count: U8): Selfbits shifted right, those falling off the bottom coming back at the top source
• countOnes(): U8bits set source
• countZeros(): U8bits clear source
• leadingZeros(): U8clear bits above the highest set one - bits() when zero source
• trailingZeros(): U8clear bits below the lowest set one - bits() when zero source
• isPowerOfTwo(): Booleanexactly one bit set source
• bit(index: U8): Booleanbit index is set - 0 the least significant source
• withBit(index: U8, value: Boolean): Selfself with bit index set or cleared source
• toString(radix: U8 := 10): StringToString, with an optional radix source
• toBytes(): Byteslittle-endian source
• toFloat(): Floatnearest F64 - `as Float` source
• toBigInteger(): BigIntegerthe same number, as a BigInteger source
• toCodepoint(): CastError ! Codepointthe codepoint with this value - a CastError for surrogates, negatives and above 0x10FFFF source
• checkedCast<Target>(): CastError ! Target`as`, with a CastError where `as` gives an OverflowError source

F16 F32 F64 (and Number, Float through their aliases)

Implements Equatable (IEEE-754 equality, NaN != NaN), Hashable (agrees with ==), Comparable (NaN last, == values Equal), Bounded (finite values), ToString, FromString, Numeric, Castable<every numeric type>, Default (0.0), Copy

Functions

• min(): Selfmost negative finite value source
• max(): Selflargest finite value source
• epsilon(): Selfdistance from 1 to the next value source
• infinity(): Selfpositive infinity - negate() for the negative one source
• nan(): Selfnot a number source
• pi(): Selfπ, the ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter source
• e(): Selfe, the base of the natural logarithm source
• tau(): Selfτ = 2π, a full turn in radians source
• parse(text: String): ParseError ! Selfdecimal or scientific notation, "inf", "-inf", "nan" - correctly rounded source
• fromBits(bits: Bits): Selfthe value raw IEEE-754 bits hold - toBits the other way source

Methods

• abs(): Selfvalue without its sign source
• sign(): Self-1.0 | 0.0 | 1.0 (NaN for NaN) source
• isNaN(): BooleanNaN - the one value != itself source
• isInfinite(): Booleanpositive or negative infinity source
• isFinite(): Booleanneither infinite nor NaN source
• isInteger(): Booleanfinite with no fractional part source
• min(other: Self): Selfthe smaller of the two - NaN when either is source
• max(other: Self): Selfthe larger of the two - NaN when either is source
• clamp(range: Range<Self>): Selfself kept within range source
• approxEquals(other: Self, tolerance: Self := Self.epsilon()): Boolean|a - b| <= tolerance source
• ulpDistance(other: Self): U256?representable values between the two (0.0 and -0.0 are 0 apart) - undefined for NaN source
• floor(): Selflargest integral value <= self source
• ceil(): Selfsmallest integral value >= self source
• round(): Selfhalf away from zero source
• roundHalfEven(): Selfnearest integral value, ties to even source
• truncate(): Selfintegral part - toward zero source
• fraction(): Selfself - self.truncate() source
• roundTo(digits: U8): Selfdecimal places source
• sqrt(): Selfsquare root - NaN below zero source
• cbrt(): Selfcube root source
• exp(): Selfe raised to self source
• ln(): Selfnatural logarithm source
• log(base: Self): Selflogarithm in base source
• log2(): Selfbase 2 logarithm source
• log10(): Selfbase 10 logarithm source
• hypot(other: Self): Selfsqrt(self² + other²), without overflow on the way source
• sin(): Selfsine, self in radians source
• cos(): Selfcosine, self in radians source
• tan(): Selftangent, self in radians source
• asin(): Selfarc sine, in radians source
• acos(): Selfarc cosine, in radians source
• atan(): Selfarc tangent, in radians source
• atan2(x: Self): Selfself is y source
• sinh(): Selfhyperbolic sine source
• cosh(): Selfhyperbolic cosine source
• tanh(): Selfhyperbolic tangent source
• toRadians(): Selfdegrees to radians source
• toDegrees(): Selfradians to degrees source
• lerp(to: Self, t: Self): Selfself + (to - self) * t - self at t = 0, to at t = 1 source
• toString(precision: U8?): StringToString, with optional fixed decimals source
• toInteger(): CastError ! Integer`as Integer` - toward zero; NaN, infinity and out of range are a CastError source
• toBits(): Bitsraw IEEE-754 bits - Bits is U16 for F16, U32 for F32, U64 for F64 source

F16 F32 F64 (and Number, Float through their aliases)

Implements Equatable (IEEE-754 equality, NaN != NaN), Hashable (agrees with ==), Comparable (NaN last, == values Equal), Bounded (finite values), ToString, FromString, Numeric, Castable<every numeric type>, Default (0.0), Copy

Functions

• min(): Selfmost negative finite value source
• max(): Selflargest finite value source
• epsilon(): Selfdistance from 1 to the next value source
• infinity(): Selfpositive infinity - negate() for the negative one source
• nan(): Selfnot a number source
• pi(): Selfπ, the ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter source
• e(): Selfe, the base of the natural logarithm source
• tau(): Selfτ = 2π, a full turn in radians source
• parse(text: String): ParseError ! Selfdecimal or scientific notation, "inf", "-inf", "nan" - correctly rounded source
• fromBits(bits: Bits): Selfthe value raw IEEE-754 bits hold - toBits the other way source

Methods

• abs(): Selfvalue without its sign source
• sign(): Self-1.0 | 0.0 | 1.0 (NaN for NaN) source
• isNaN(): BooleanNaN - the one value != itself source
• isInfinite(): Booleanpositive or negative infinity source
• isFinite(): Booleanneither infinite nor NaN source
• isInteger(): Booleanfinite with no fractional part source
• min(other: Self): Selfthe smaller of the two - NaN when either is source
• max(other: Self): Selfthe larger of the two - NaN when either is source
• clamp(range: Range<Self>): Selfself kept within range source
• approxEquals(other: Self, tolerance: Self := Self.epsilon()): Boolean|a - b| <= tolerance source
• ulpDistance(other: Self): U256?representable values between the two (0.0 and -0.0 are 0 apart) - undefined for NaN source
• floor(): Selflargest integral value <= self source
• ceil(): Selfsmallest integral value >= self source
• round(): Selfhalf away from zero source
• roundHalfEven(): Selfnearest integral value, ties to even source
• truncate(): Selfintegral part - toward zero source
• fraction(): Selfself - self.truncate() source
• roundTo(digits: U8): Selfdecimal places source
• sqrt(): Selfsquare root - NaN below zero source
• cbrt(): Selfcube root source
• exp(): Selfe raised to self source
• ln(): Selfnatural logarithm source
• log(base: Self): Selflogarithm in base source
• log2(): Selfbase 2 logarithm source
• log10(): Selfbase 10 logarithm source
• hypot(other: Self): Selfsqrt(self² + other²), without overflow on the way source
• sin(): Selfsine, self in radians source
• cos(): Selfcosine, self in radians source
• tan(): Selftangent, self in radians source
• asin(): Selfarc sine, in radians source
• acos(): Selfarc cosine, in radians source
• atan(): Selfarc tangent, in radians source
• atan2(x: Self): Selfself is y source
• sinh(): Selfhyperbolic sine source
• cosh(): Selfhyperbolic cosine source
• tanh(): Selfhyperbolic tangent source
• toRadians(): Selfdegrees to radians source
• toDegrees(): Selfradians to degrees source
• lerp(to: Self, t: Self): Selfself + (to - self) * t - self at t = 0, to at t = 1 source
• toString(precision: U8?): StringToString, with optional fixed decimals source
• toInteger(): CastError ! Integer`as Integer` - toward zero; NaN, infinity and out of range are a CastError source
• toBits(): Bitsraw IEEE-754 bits - Bits is U16 for F16, U32 for F32, U64 for F64 source

F16 F32 F64 (and Number, Float through their aliases)

Implements Equatable (IEEE-754 equality, NaN != NaN), Hashable (agrees with ==), Comparable (NaN last, == values Equal), Bounded (finite values), ToString, FromString, Numeric, Castable<every numeric type>, Default (0.0), Copy

Functions

• min(): Selfmost negative finite value source
• max(): Selflargest finite value source
• epsilon(): Selfdistance from 1 to the next value source
• infinity(): Selfpositive infinity - negate() for the negative one source
• nan(): Selfnot a number source
• pi(): Selfπ, the ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter source
• e(): Selfe, the base of the natural logarithm source
• tau(): Selfτ = 2π, a full turn in radians source
• parse(text: String): ParseError ! Selfdecimal or scientific notation, "inf", "-inf", "nan" - correctly rounded source
• fromBits(bits: Bits): Selfthe value raw IEEE-754 bits hold - toBits the other way source

Methods

• abs(): Selfvalue without its sign source
• sign(): Self-1.0 | 0.0 | 1.0 (NaN for NaN) source
• isNaN(): BooleanNaN - the one value != itself source
• isInfinite(): Booleanpositive or negative infinity source
• isFinite(): Booleanneither infinite nor NaN source
• isInteger(): Booleanfinite with no fractional part source
• min(other: Self): Selfthe smaller of the two - NaN when either is source
• max(other: Self): Selfthe larger of the two - NaN when either is source
• clamp(range: Range<Self>): Selfself kept within range source
• approxEquals(other: Self, tolerance: Self := Self.epsilon()): Boolean|a - b| <= tolerance source
• ulpDistance(other: Self): U256?representable values between the two (0.0 and -0.0 are 0 apart) - undefined for NaN source
• floor(): Selflargest integral value <= self source
• ceil(): Selfsmallest integral value >= self source
• round(): Selfhalf away from zero source
• roundHalfEven(): Selfnearest integral value, ties to even source
• truncate(): Selfintegral part - toward zero source
• fraction(): Selfself - self.truncate() source
• roundTo(digits: U8): Selfdecimal places source
• sqrt(): Selfsquare root - NaN below zero source
• cbrt(): Selfcube root source
• exp(): Selfe raised to self source
• ln(): Selfnatural logarithm source
• log(base: Self): Selflogarithm in base source
• log2(): Selfbase 2 logarithm source
• log10(): Selfbase 10 logarithm source
• hypot(other: Self): Selfsqrt(self² + other²), without overflow on the way source
• sin(): Selfsine, self in radians source
• cos(): Selfcosine, self in radians source
• tan(): Selftangent, self in radians source
• asin(): Selfarc sine, in radians source
• acos(): Selfarc cosine, in radians source
• atan(): Selfarc tangent, in radians source
• atan2(x: Self): Selfself is y source
• sinh(): Selfhyperbolic sine source
• cosh(): Selfhyperbolic cosine source
• tanh(): Selfhyperbolic tangent source
• toRadians(): Selfdegrees to radians source
• toDegrees(): Selfradians to degrees source
• lerp(to: Self, t: Self): Selfself + (to - self) * t - self at t = 0, to at t = 1 source
• toString(precision: U8?): StringToString, with optional fixed decimals source
• toInteger(): CastError ! Integer`as Integer` - toward zero; NaN, infinity and out of range are a CastError source
• toBits(): Bitsraw IEEE-754 bits - Bits is U16 for F16, U32 for F32, U64 for F64 source

F16 F32 F64 (and Number, Float through their aliases)

Implements Equatable (IEEE-754 equality, NaN != NaN), Hashable (agrees with ==), Comparable (NaN last, == values Equal), Bounded (finite values), ToString, FromString, Numeric, Castable<every numeric type>, Default (0.0), Copy

Functions

• min(): Selfmost negative finite value source
• max(): Selflargest finite value source
• epsilon(): Selfdistance from 1 to the next value source
• infinity(): Selfpositive infinity - negate() for the negative one source
• nan(): Selfnot a number source
• pi(): Selfπ, the ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter source
• e(): Selfe, the base of the natural logarithm source
• tau(): Selfτ = 2π, a full turn in radians source
• parse(text: String): ParseError ! Selfdecimal or scientific notation, "inf", "-inf", "nan" - correctly rounded source
• fromBits(bits: Bits): Selfthe value raw IEEE-754 bits hold - toBits the other way source

Methods

• abs(): Selfvalue without its sign source
• sign(): Self-1.0 | 0.0 | 1.0 (NaN for NaN) source
• isNaN(): BooleanNaN - the one value != itself source
• isInfinite(): Booleanpositive or negative infinity source
• isFinite(): Booleanneither infinite nor NaN source
• isInteger(): Booleanfinite with no fractional part source
• min(other: Self): Selfthe smaller of the two - NaN when either is source
• max(other: Self): Selfthe larger of the two - NaN when either is source
• clamp(range: Range<Self>): Selfself kept within range source
• approxEquals(other: Self, tolerance: Self := Self.epsilon()): Boolean|a - b| <= tolerance source
• ulpDistance(other: Self): U256?representable values between the two (0.0 and -0.0 are 0 apart) - undefined for NaN source
• floor(): Selflargest integral value <= self source
• ceil(): Selfsmallest integral value >= self source
• round(): Selfhalf away from zero source
• roundHalfEven(): Selfnearest integral value, ties to even source
• truncate(): Selfintegral part - toward zero source
• fraction(): Selfself - self.truncate() source
• roundTo(digits: U8): Selfdecimal places source
• sqrt(): Selfsquare root - NaN below zero source
• cbrt(): Selfcube root source
• exp(): Selfe raised to self source
• ln(): Selfnatural logarithm source
• log(base: Self): Selflogarithm in base source
• log2(): Selfbase 2 logarithm source
• log10(): Selfbase 10 logarithm source
• hypot(other: Self): Selfsqrt(self² + other²), without overflow on the way source
• sin(): Selfsine, self in radians source
• cos(): Selfcosine, self in radians source
• tan(): Selftangent, self in radians source
• asin(): Selfarc sine, in radians source
• acos(): Selfarc cosine, in radians source
• atan(): Selfarc tangent, in radians source
• atan2(x: Self): Selfself is y source
• sinh(): Selfhyperbolic sine source
• cosh(): Selfhyperbolic cosine source
• tanh(): Selfhyperbolic tangent source
• toRadians(): Selfdegrees to radians source
• toDegrees(): Selfradians to degrees source
• lerp(to: Self, t: Self): Selfself + (to - self) * t - self at t = 0, to at t = 1 source
• toString(precision: U8?): StringToString, with optional fixed decimals source
• toInteger(): CastError ! Integer`as Integer` - toward zero; NaN, infinity and out of range are a CastError source
• toBits(): Bitsraw IEEE-754 bits - Bits is U16 for F16, U32 for F32, U64 for F64 source

F16 F32 F64 (and Number, Float through their aliases)

Implements Equatable (IEEE-754 equality, NaN != NaN), Hashable (agrees with ==), Comparable (NaN last, == values Equal), Bounded (finite values), ToString, FromString, Numeric, Castable<every numeric type>, Default (0.0), Copy

Functions

• min(): Selfmost negative finite value source
• max(): Selflargest finite value source
• epsilon(): Selfdistance from 1 to the next value source
• infinity(): Selfpositive infinity - negate() for the negative one source
• nan(): Selfnot a number source
• pi(): Selfπ, the ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter source
• e(): Selfe, the base of the natural logarithm source
• tau(): Selfτ = 2π, a full turn in radians source
• parse(text: String): ParseError ! Selfdecimal or scientific notation, "inf", "-inf", "nan" - correctly rounded source
• fromBits(bits: Bits): Selfthe value raw IEEE-754 bits hold - toBits the other way source

Methods

• abs(): Selfvalue without its sign source
• sign(): Self-1.0 | 0.0 | 1.0 (NaN for NaN) source
• isNaN(): BooleanNaN - the one value != itself source
• isInfinite(): Booleanpositive or negative infinity source
• isFinite(): Booleanneither infinite nor NaN source
• isInteger(): Booleanfinite with no fractional part source
• min(other: Self): Selfthe smaller of the two - NaN when either is source
• max(other: Self): Selfthe larger of the two - NaN when either is source
• clamp(range: Range<Self>): Selfself kept within range source
• approxEquals(other: Self, tolerance: Self := Self.epsilon()): Boolean|a - b| <= tolerance source
• ulpDistance(other: Self): U256?representable values between the two (0.0 and -0.0 are 0 apart) - undefined for NaN source
• floor(): Selflargest integral value <= self source
• ceil(): Selfsmallest integral value >= self source
• round(): Selfhalf away from zero source
• roundHalfEven(): Selfnearest integral value, ties to even source
• truncate(): Selfintegral part - toward zero source
• fraction(): Selfself - self.truncate() source
• roundTo(digits: U8): Selfdecimal places source
• sqrt(): Selfsquare root - NaN below zero source
• cbrt(): Selfcube root source
• exp(): Selfe raised to self source
• ln(): Selfnatural logarithm source
• log(base: Self): Selflogarithm in base source
• log2(): Selfbase 2 logarithm source
• log10(): Selfbase 10 logarithm source
• hypot(other: Self): Selfsqrt(self² + other²), without overflow on the way source
• sin(): Selfsine, self in radians source
• cos(): Selfcosine, self in radians source
• tan(): Selftangent, self in radians source
• asin(): Selfarc sine, in radians source
• acos(): Selfarc cosine, in radians source
• atan(): Selfarc tangent, in radians source
• atan2(x: Self): Selfself is y source
• sinh(): Selfhyperbolic sine source
• cosh(): Selfhyperbolic cosine source
• tanh(): Selfhyperbolic tangent source
• toRadians(): Selfdegrees to radians source
• toDegrees(): Selfradians to degrees source
• lerp(to: Self, t: Self): Selfself + (to - self) * t - self at t = 0, to at t = 1 source
• toString(precision: U8?): StringToString, with optional fixed decimals source
• toInteger(): CastError ! Integer`as Integer` - toward zero; NaN, infinity and out of range are a CastError source
• toBits(): Bitsraw IEEE-754 bits - Bits is U16 for F16, U32 for F32, U64 for F64 source

C32 C64 (and Complex through its alias) - parts are F32, F64 respectively (Part below)

Implements Equatable (part by part), Hashable, ToString, FromString, Numeric, Scalable<Part>, Castable<every other complex type>, Default (0), Copy - not Comparable

Functions

• new(real: Part, imaginary: Part): Selfreal + imaginary·i source
• fromPolar(magnitude: Part, angle: Part): Selfmagnitude·(cos angle + i·sin angle) - angle in radians source
• i(): Selfthe imaginary unit source
• parse(text: String): ParseError ! Self"1+2i" source

Methods

• real(): Partreal part source
• imaginary(): Partimaginary part source
• magnitude(): Part|z| source
• magnitudeSquared(): Part|z|² - no square root source
• argument(): Partangle in radians source
• toPolar(): (Part, Part)(magnitude, angle) source
• conjugate(): Selfreal - imaginary·i source
• reciprocal(): Self1 / z source
• sqrt(): Selfprincipal square root source
• exp(): Selfe raised to self source
• ln(): Selfprincipal natural logarithm source
• isReal(): Booleanimaginary part is 0 source
• isNaN(): Booleaneither part is NaN source
• approxEquals(other: Self, tolerance: Part := Part.epsilon()): Booleanevery part within tolerance of other's source

C32 C64 (and Complex through its alias) - parts are F32, F64 respectively (Part below)

Implements Equatable (part by part), Hashable, ToString, FromString, Numeric, Scalable<Part>, Castable<every other complex type>, Default (0), Copy - not Comparable

Functions

• new(real: Part, imaginary: Part): Selfreal + imaginary·i source
• fromPolar(magnitude: Part, angle: Part): Selfmagnitude·(cos angle + i·sin angle) - angle in radians source
• i(): Selfthe imaginary unit source
• parse(text: String): ParseError ! Self"1+2i" source

Methods

• real(): Partreal part source
• imaginary(): Partimaginary part source
• magnitude(): Part|z| source
• magnitudeSquared(): Part|z|² - no square root source
• argument(): Partangle in radians source
• toPolar(): (Part, Part)(magnitude, angle) source
• conjugate(): Selfreal - imaginary·i source
• reciprocal(): Self1 / z source
• sqrt(): Selfprincipal square root source
• exp(): Selfe raised to self source
• ln(): Selfprincipal natural logarithm source
• isReal(): Booleanimaginary part is 0 source
• isNaN(): Booleaneither part is NaN source
• approxEquals(other: Self, tolerance: Part := Part.epsilon()): Booleanevery part within tolerance of other's source

C32 C64 (and Complex through its alias) - parts are F32, F64 respectively (Part below)

Implements Equatable (part by part), Hashable, ToString, FromString, Numeric, Scalable<Part>, Castable<every other complex type>, Default (0), Copy - not Comparable

Functions

• new(real: Part, imaginary: Part): Selfreal + imaginary·i source
• fromPolar(magnitude: Part, angle: Part): Selfmagnitude·(cos angle + i·sin angle) - angle in radians source
• i(): Selfthe imaginary unit source
• parse(text: String): ParseError ! Self"1+2i" source

Methods

• real(): Partreal part source
• imaginary(): Partimaginary part source
• magnitude(): Part|z| source
• magnitudeSquared(): Part|z|² - no square root source
• argument(): Partangle in radians source
• toPolar(): (Part, Part)(magnitude, angle) source
• conjugate(): Selfreal - imaginary·i source
• reciprocal(): Self1 / z source
• sqrt(): Selfprincipal square root source
• exp(): Selfe raised to self source
• ln(): Selfprincipal natural logarithm source
• isReal(): Booleanimaginary part is 0 source
• isNaN(): Booleaneither part is NaN source
• approxEquals(other: Self, tolerance: Part := Part.epsilon()): Booleanevery part within tolerance of other's source

Q32 Q64 (and Quaternion through its alias) - parts are F32, F64 respectively (Part below)

Implements Equatable (part by part), Hashable, ToString, FromString, Numeric (multiply isn't commutative), Scalable<Part>, Castable<every other quaternion type>, Default (0), Copy - not Comparable

Functions

• new(w: Part, x: Part, y: Part, z: Part): Selfw + xi + yj + zk source
• identity(): Self1 + 0i + 0j + 0k source
• fromAxisAngle(axis: Vector<Part, 3>, angle: Part): Selfrotation by angle (radians) around axis - a unit quaternion source
• fromEuler(roll: Part, pitch: Part, yaw: Part): Selfrotation from Euler angles in radians - roll about x, pitch about y, yaw about z source
• parse(text: String): ParseError ! Self"1+2i+3j+4k" source

Methods

• w(): Partreal part source
• x(): Parti part source
• y(): Partj part source
• z(): Partk part source
• scalar(): Partw source
• vector(): Vector<Part, 3>(x, y, z) source
• magnitude(): Partlength - sqrt(w² + x² + y² + z²) source
• normalize(): Selfsame direction, magnitude 1 source
• conjugate(): Selfw - xi - yj - zk source
• inverse(): Selfmultiplicative inverse - conjugate / magnitude² source
• dot(other: Self): Partsum of the parts' products source
• rotate(point: Vector<Part, 3>): Vector<Part, 3>point rotated by self (a unit quaternion) source
• slerp(to: Self, t: Part): Selfspherical interpolation - self at t = 0, to at t = 1 source
• toAxisAngle(): (Vector<Part, 3>, Part)the rotation's axis and angle in radians source
• toEuler(): (Part, Part, Part)(roll, pitch, yaw) source
• toMatrix(): Matrix<Part, 3, 3>the same rotation as a matrix source
• approxEquals(other: Self, tolerance: Part = Part.epsilon()): Booleanevery part within tolerance of other's source

Q32 Q64 (and Quaternion through its alias) - parts are F32, F64 respectively (Part below)

Implements Equatable (part by part), Hashable, ToString, FromString, Numeric (multiply isn't commutative), Scalable<Part>, Castable<every other quaternion type>, Default (0), Copy - not Comparable

Functions

• new(w: Part, x: Part, y: Part, z: Part): Selfw + xi + yj + zk source
• identity(): Self1 + 0i + 0j + 0k source
• fromAxisAngle(axis: Vector<Part, 3>, angle: Part): Selfrotation by angle (radians) around axis - a unit quaternion source
• fromEuler(roll: Part, pitch: Part, yaw: Part): Selfrotation from Euler angles in radians - roll about x, pitch about y, yaw about z source
• parse(text: String): ParseError ! Self"1+2i+3j+4k" source

Methods

• w(): Partreal part source
• x(): Parti part source
• y(): Partj part source
• z(): Partk part source
• scalar(): Partw source
• vector(): Vector<Part, 3>(x, y, z) source
• magnitude(): Partlength - sqrt(w² + x² + y² + z²) source
• normalize(): Selfsame direction, magnitude 1 source
• conjugate(): Selfw - xi - yj - zk source
• inverse(): Selfmultiplicative inverse - conjugate / magnitude² source
• dot(other: Self): Partsum of the parts' products source
• rotate(point: Vector<Part, 3>): Vector<Part, 3>point rotated by self (a unit quaternion) source
• slerp(to: Self, t: Part): Selfspherical interpolation - self at t = 0, to at t = 1 source
• toAxisAngle(): (Vector<Part, 3>, Part)the rotation's axis and angle in radians source
• toEuler(): (Part, Part, Part)(roll, pitch, yaw) source
• toMatrix(): Matrix<Part, 3, 3>the same rotation as a matrix source
• approxEquals(other: Self, tolerance: Part = Part.epsilon()): Booleanevery part within tolerance of other's source

Q32 Q64 (and Quaternion through its alias) - parts are F32, F64 respectively (Part below)

Implements Equatable (part by part), Hashable, ToString, FromString, Numeric (multiply isn't commutative), Scalable<Part>, Castable<every other quaternion type>, Default (0), Copy - not Comparable

Functions

• new(w: Part, x: Part, y: Part, z: Part): Selfw + xi + yj + zk source
• identity(): Self1 + 0i + 0j + 0k source
• fromAxisAngle(axis: Vector<Part, 3>, angle: Part): Selfrotation by angle (radians) around axis - a unit quaternion source
• fromEuler(roll: Part, pitch: Part, yaw: Part): Selfrotation from Euler angles in radians - roll about x, pitch about y, yaw about z source
• parse(text: String): ParseError ! Self"1+2i+3j+4k" source

Methods

• w(): Partreal part source
• x(): Parti part source
• y(): Partj part source
• z(): Partk part source
• scalar(): Partw source
• vector(): Vector<Part, 3>(x, y, z) source
• magnitude(): Partlength - sqrt(w² + x² + y² + z²) source
• normalize(): Selfsame direction, magnitude 1 source
• conjugate(): Selfw - xi - yj - zk source
• inverse(): Selfmultiplicative inverse - conjugate / magnitude² source
• dot(other: Self): Partsum of the parts' products source
• rotate(point: Vector<Part, 3>): Vector<Part, 3>point rotated by self (a unit quaternion) source
• slerp(to: Self, t: Part): Selfspherical interpolation - self at t = 0, to at t = 1 source
• toAxisAngle(): (Vector<Part, 3>, Part)the rotation's axis and angle in radians source
• toEuler(): (Part, Part, Part)(roll, pitch, yaw) source
• toMatrix(): Matrix<Part, 3, 3>the same rotation as a matrix source
• approxEquals(other: Self, tolerance: Part = Part.epsilon()): Booleanevery part within tolerance of other's source

an exact decimal number: a whole coefficient and how many of its digits are after the point - 12.50 is

1250 with 2 places. + and - keep the larger side's places and * adds them up, so nothing is ever

rounded unasked; / keeps at least 16 places, rounded half to even (divideTo picks the places and the

rounding). The coefficient is an S128 - up to 38 digits; a result needing more overflows like an S128

Implements Equatable (the same number, 12.50 == 12.5), Hashable, Comparable, ToString ("12.50", its places kept), FromString, Numeric (power takes a whole exponent), Default (0), Copy

Functions

• of(value: S64): Decimalthe whole number source
• fromParts(coefficient: S128, places: U8): Decimalcoefficient with places digits after the point - (1250, 2) is 12.50 source
• fromF64(value: F64, places: U8): ParseError ! Decimalvalue rounded to places, half to even - a ParseError for NaN and infinities source
• parse(text: String): ParseError ! Decimal"12.50", "-3", "1_000.5", "1.5e3" - the places written are kept source

Methods

• coefficient(): S128the digits as a whole number - 1250 for 12.50 source
• places(): U8how many digits are after the point - 2 for 12.50 source
• round(places: U8, mode: RoundingMode := RoundingMode.HalfEven): Decimalto places digits after the point - more places pad with zeros source
• divideTo(other: Decimal, places: U8, mode: RoundingMode := RoundingMode.HalfEven): Decimalself / other to places digits source
• normalize(): Decimaltrailing zeros dropped - 12.50 is 12.5 source
• abs(): Decimalwithout its sign source
• sign(): S8-1, 0 or 1 source
• isZero(): Boolean== 0 source
• isNegative(): Boolean< 0 source
• isWhole(): Booleannothing after the point but zeros source
• toF64(): F64the nearest F64 source
• toS64(): OverflowError ! S64the whole part, the rest dropped source

how Decimal drops the digits it can't keep - HalfEven (to the nearest, a tie to the even digit) unless

told otherwise; Up and Down go away from and toward zero, Ceiling and Floor toward the larger and smaller

Implements Equatable, Hashable, ToString ("HalfEven"), Copy

a whole number of any size: it grows as it needs, so + - * and ^ never overflow. / rounds toward zero

and // down, and % takes self's sign, as with the fixed integers; dividing by zero panics. It's

slower than a fixed integer and has no bit operations - for results that may not fit an S128 or a U256

Implements Equatable, Hashable, Comparable, ToString, FromString, Numeric (power takes an exponent of 0 or more), Default (0)

Functions

• of(value: S64): BigIntegerthe same number - any integer type's toBigInteger() too source
• parse(text: String): ParseError ! BigIntegerdecimal digits, optional sign, _ separators allowed source

Methods

• abs(): BigIntegerwithout its sign source
• sign(): S8-1 | 0 | 1 source
• isZero(): Boolean== 0 source
• isPositive(): Boolean> 0 source
• isNegative(): Boolean< 0 source
• isEven(): Booleandivisible by 2 source
• isOdd(): Booleannot divisible by 2 source
• min(other: BigInteger): BigIntegerthe smaller of the two source
• max(other: BigInteger): BigIntegerthe larger of the two source
• pow(exponent: U32): BigIntegerself raised to exponent source
• sqrt(): CastError ! BigIntegerfloor of the square root - a CastError below zero source
• gcd(other: BigInteger): BigIntegergreatest common divisor - 0 when both are 0 source
• lcm(other: BigInteger): BigIntegerleast common multiple - 0 when either is 0 source
• divMod(other: BigInteger): (BigInteger, BigInteger)(a // b, a % b) source
• modulo(other: BigInteger): BigIntegeralways the divisor's sign, unlike % source
• digitCount(): U64decimal digits, the sign not counted - 1 for 0 source
• toF64(): F64the nearest F64 - an infinity past F64.max() source
• toInteger<Target>(): OverflowError ! TargetTarget is any U* / S* - an OverflowError when it doesn't fit source

an exact fraction: a BigInteger numerator over a BigInteger denominator, always in lowest terms with the

denominator positive - 2/4 is 1/2, and 1/3 + 1/6 is exactly 1/2. Every operation is exact; ^ takes a

whole exponent, and dividing by zero panics

Implements Equatable (lowest terms, so 2/4 == 1/2), Hashable, Comparable, ToString ("1/3", "2" when whole), FromString, Numeric (power takes a whole exponent), Default (0)

Functions

• of(numerator: S64, denominator: S64 := 1): Rationalnumerator / denominator in lowest terms - a zero denominator panics source
• fromParts(numerator: BigInteger, denominator: BigInteger): Rationalthe same, from BigIntegers source
• fromDecimal(value: Decimal): Rationalexactly - 0.75 is 3/4 source
• parse(text: String): ParseError ! Rational"1/3", "-6/4", "2", "0.75" source

Methods

• numerator(): BigIntegerthe top, in lowest terms - carries the sign source
• denominator(): BigIntegerthe bottom, in lowest terms - always positive source
• reciprocal(): Rational1 / self - zero panics source
• abs(): Rationalwithout its sign source
• sign(): S8-1 | 0 | 1 source
• isZero(): Boolean== 0 source
• isNegative(): Boolean< 0 source
• isWhole(): Booleanthe denominator is 1 source
• floor(): BigIntegerthe whole number at or below source
• ceil(): BigIntegerthe whole number at or above source
• truncate(): BigIntegerthe whole part - toward zero source
• round(mode: RoundingMode := RoundingMode.HalfEven): BigIntegerto a whole number source
• toDecimal(places: U8, mode: RoundingMode := RoundingMode.HalfEven): OverflowError ! Decimalto places digits - 1/3 to 2 is 0.33 source
• toF64(): F64the nearest F64 source

a number in a unit. A unit is a type - one of the units in types, reached through its group of

#builtin.unit and brought out with a type alias (`type Meter := #builtin.unit.length.Meter`, as the

examples here are), or the program's own: an empty struct, a base unit of its own, or one made of

others with @unit - and lives only in the type, so

the checker keeps quantities of different units apart. Units are compared by what they come to:

their base units, each to a power, a scale and an offset - Product<Meter, Meter> is SquareMeter,

Per<Joule, Second> is Watt, Per<SquareMeter, Meter> is Meter, Product<Second, Meter> is

Product<Meter, Second> - but Kilometer isn't Meter, its scale is 1000. + - and comparisons only

between quantities of one unit, * and / by a plain number, and * and / between two quantities (or

times and per) make the unit that combines them - a * b is in Product<A, B>, a / b in Per<A, B>,

and a plain number when the units cancel (2 Kilometer / 500 Meter is 4). A quantity changes into

another unit of the same dimension with as or convert - Quantity<F64, Kilometer>.of(1.5) as

Quantity<F64, Meter> is 1500 Meter, 20 Celsius as Fahrenheit 68 - keeping 12 significant digits,

past which is the scales' rounding, and an integer quantity's amount rounded to the nearest. Between dimensions (Meter into Second) it's an error. A unit is

written the way it's named - "Meter/Second", "Newton·Meter", and one times itself as its power -

Product<Meter, Meter>.of is "Meter²". In a generic function a unit parameter has no definition to

read - Quantity<F64, Unit>.of there is in Unit, a base unit

Implements Equatable, Hashable, Comparable, ToString ("3.5 Meter", "2 Meter/Second", "6 Newton·Meter", "4 Meter²"), Castable<Quantity of the same dimension>, Scalable<Type>, Copy

Functions

• of(value: Type): Quantity<Type, Unit>value in Unit - Quantity<F64, Meter>.of(3.5) source

Methods

• value(): Typethe number, without its unit source
• unitName(): Stringhow its unit is written - "Meter/Second" source
• add(other: Quantity<Type, Unit>): Quantity<Type, Unit>a + b source
• subtract(other: Quantity<Type, Unit>): Quantity<Type, Unit>a - b source
• negate(): Quantity<Type, Unit>-a source
• ratio(other: Quantity<Type, Unit>): Typea / b - how many of other fit in self source
• times<Other>(other: Quantity<Type, Other>): Quantity<Type, Product<Unit, Other>>the product, in both units - force.times(distance), force * distance source
• per<Other>(other: Quantity<Type, Other>): Quantity<Type, Per<Unit, Other>>the quotient, in Unit per Other - distance.per(time), distance / time source
• convert<Target>(factor: Type? := undefined): Quantity<Type, Target>self in Target - kilometers.convert<Meter>() - where Target is a unit of the same dimension; with a factor, factor Targets making one Unit, between any units - steps.convert<Meter>(0.75) source

signed span of time, nanosecond precision

Implements Equatable, Hashable, Comparable, ToString ("1h 2m 3.5s"), FromString, Numeric, Scalable<F64>, Default (zero), Copy

Functions

• zero(): Durationno time source
• nanoseconds(count: S64): Durationcount nanoseconds source
• microseconds(count: S64): Durationcount microseconds source
• milliseconds(count: S64): Durationcount milliseconds source
• seconds(count: F64): Durationcount seconds source
• minutes(count: F64): Durationcount minutes source
• hours(count: F64): Durationcount hours source
• days(count: F64): Durationcount days of 24 hours source
• parse(text: String): ParseError ! Duration"1h30m", "250ms", ISO-8601 "PT1H30M" source

Methods

• toNanoseconds(): S128whole nanoseconds source
• toMilliseconds(): F64in milliseconds, fractional source
• toSeconds(): F64in seconds, fractional source
• toMinutes(): F64in minutes, fractional source
• toHours(): F64in hours, fractional source
• toDays(): F64in days of 24 hours, fractional source
• parts(): (days: S64, hours: U8, minutes: U8, seconds: U8, nanoseconds: U32)split into days down to nanoseconds source
• scale(factor: F64): Durationself times factor source
• abs(): Durationwithout its sign source
• isNegative(): Boolean< zero source
• isZero(): Boolean== zero source
• roundTo(unit: Duration): Durationnearest multiple of unit source
• toIsoString(): StringISO-8601 - "PT1H30M" source

a point in time (UTC, nanosecond precision) - Instant - Instant is a Duration, Instant + Duration is an Instant

Implements Equatable, Hashable, Comparable, ToString (ISO-8601), FromString (ISO-8601 / RFC 3339), Copy

Functions

• epoch(): Instant1970-01-01T00:00:00Z source
• fromUnixSeconds(seconds: F64): Instantseconds since the epoch source
• fromUnixMilliseconds(milliseconds: S64): Instantmilliseconds since the epoch source
• parse(text: String): ParseError ! InstantISO-8601 / RFC 3339 source

Methods

• add(duration: Duration): Instanta + b source
• subtract(duration: Duration): Instanta - b source
• since(earlier: Instant): Durationa - b source
• until(later: Instant): Durationlater - self source
• isBefore(other: Instant): Booleanearlier than other source
• isAfter(other: Instant): Booleanlater than other source
• toUnixSeconds(): F64seconds since the epoch, fractional source
• toUnixMilliseconds(): S64whole milliseconds since the epoch source
• truncate(unit: Duration): Instantfloor to a multiple of unit since epoch source
• format(pattern: String, offset: Duration := Duration.zero()): String"YYYY-MM-DD hh:mm:ss" source
• toDateTime(zone: TimeZone := &timeZone): DateTimethe wall-clock time in zone at self source
• toDate(zone: TimeZone := &timeZone): Datethe day it is in zone at self source

a day on the proleptic Gregorian calendar - no time of day, no zone. `format` patterns here and below

use YYYY MM DD (and hh mm ss SSS for times), the rest as written

Implements Equatable, Hashable, Comparable, ToString ("2026-10-07"), FromString ("2026-10-07"), Steppable (one day), Copy

Functions

• of(year: S32, month: U8, day: U8): DateError ! Datea DateError for a day the month doesn't have source
• fromDays(days: S64): Datedays since 1970-01-01 source
• @reads(&clock, &timeZone)today(): Date&clock's day in &timeZone source
• parse(text: String): ParseError ! Date"2026-10-07" source

Methods

• year(): S322026 source
• month(): U81 to 12 source
• day(): U81 to 31 source
• weekday(): WeekdayMonday to Sunday source
• dayOfYear(): U161 to 366 source
• isLeapYear(): Booleanits year has a February 29th source
• daysInMonth(): U828 to 31 source
• addDays(days: S64): Datedays later - earlier when negative source
• addMonths(months: S64): Datemonths later, the day kept when the month has it, its last day otherwise - Jan 31 + 1 month is Feb 28 source
• addYears(years: S64): Dateyears later - Feb 29 becomes Feb 28 when that year has none source
• daysUntil(later: Date): S64how many days from self to later - negative when it's before source
• toDays(): S64days since 1970-01-01 source
• startOfMonth(): Datethe 1st of its month source
• endOfMonth(): Datethe last day of its month source
• at(time: TimeOfDay): DateTimetime on this day source
• format(pattern: String): String"DD.MM.YYYY" source

a time on a clock, from midnight up to just before the next - no date, no zone

Implements Equatable, Hashable, Comparable, ToString ("09:30:00", "09:30:00.250" with a fraction), FromString ("09:30", "09:30:00.250"), Copy

Functions

• of(hour: U8, minute: U8, second: U8 := 0, nanosecond: U32 := 0): DateError ! TimeOfDaya DateError past 23:59:59.999999999 source
• midnight(): TimeOfDay00:00:00 source
• noon(): TimeOfDay12:00:00 source
• parse(text: String): ParseError ! TimeOfDay"09:30", "09:30:15", "09:30:15.250" source

Methods

• hour(): U80 to 23 source
• minute(): U80 to 59 source
• second(): U80 to 59 source
• nanosecond(): U32within the second source
• sinceMidnight(): Durationhow long after midnight it is source
• add(duration: Duration): TimeOfDayduration later on the clock - wraps past midnight source
• format(pattern: String): String"hh:mm" source

a date and a time of day on a wall clock, in no zone - what a calendar entry says. toInstant puts it

in a zone; + and - with a Duration move the wall clock, ignoring what the zone's clocks do

Implements Equatable, Hashable, Comparable, ToString ("2026-10-07T09:30:00"), FromString ("2026-10-07T09:30:00", "2026-10-07 09:30"), Copy

Functions

• of(date: Date, time: TimeOfDay): DateTimetime on date source
• @reads(&clock, &timeZone)now(): DateTime&clock's time in &timeZone source
• parse(text: String): ParseError ! DateTimeISO-8601 without a zone source

Methods

• date(): Dateits day source
• time(): TimeOfDayits time of day source
• add(duration: Duration): DateTimeduration later on the wall clock - a + b source
• subtract(duration: Duration): DateTimeduration earlier on the wall clock - a - b source
• since(earlier: DateTime): Durationhow far apart the two wall-clock times are source
• addDays(days: S64): DateTimethe same time, days later source
• addMonths(months: S64): DateTimethe same time, months later (see Date.addMonths) source
• toInstant(zone: TimeZone := &timeZone): Instantthe instant zone's clocks show self - a time skipped by a jump forward is moved forward by the jump, one shown twice is the earlier source
• format(pattern: String): String"YYYY-MM-DD hh:mm" source

how far a place's clocks are from UTC, at each instant - UTC itself, a fixed offset, or a named IANA

zone ("Europe/Warsaw") whose offset changes with daylight saving. Named zones come from the host: a

JavaScript host knows them all; a WASI runtime knows none, and named(...) is a DateError there

Implements Equatable, Hashable, ToString ("Europe/Warsaw", "UTC", "+02:00"), FromString, Copy

Functions

• utc(): TimeZoneUTC - an offset of zero, always source
• fixed(offset: Duration): TimeZoneclocks offset ahead of UTC, always - "+02:00" source
• named(name: String): DateError ! TimeZonean IANA zone - a DateError for one the host doesn't know source
• host(): TimeZonethe host's own zone - &timeZone's default; UTC where the host has none source
• parse(text: String): ParseError ! TimeZone"UTC", "Z", "+02:00", "-05:30", or a zone's name source

Methods

• name(): String"Europe/Warsaw", "UTC", "+02:00" source
• offsetAt(instant: Instant): Durationhow far ahead of UTC its clocks are at instant source
• isFixed(): Booleanits offset never changes source

a day of the week, Monday first - as ISO 8601 numbers them

Implements Equatable, Hashable, Comparable (Monday first), ToString ("Wednesday"), Copy

Methods

• number(): U81 for Monday to 7 for Sunday source

U8 U16 U32 U64 U128 U256 S8 S16 S32 S64 S128 S256 (and Integer, UnsignedInteger, SignedInteger through their aliases)

+ - * // ^ and `as` give an OverflowError for a result that doesn't fit; +% -% *% wrap around and

+| -| *| fill up to min() / max() instead (the wrapping / saturating methods)

Implements Equatable, Hashable, Comparable, Bounded, ToString, FromString (radix 10), Numeric, Bitwise, Steppable, Castable<every numeric type>, Default (0), Copy

Functions

• min(): Selfsmallest value source
• max(): Selflargest value source
• bits(): U168, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256 source
• parse(text: String, radix: U8 := 10): ParseError ! Selfin the given radix (2 to 36), optional sign, _ separators allowed source
• fromBytes(bytes: Bytes): ParseError ! Selflittle-endian, exactly bits() / 8 bytes source

Methods

• abs(): SelfS*.min().abs() is an OverflowError source
• sign(): S8-1 | 0 | 1 source
• isZero(): Boolean== 0 source
• isPositive(): Boolean> 0 source
• isNegative(): Boolean< 0 source
• isEven(): Booleandivisible by 2 source
• isOdd(): Booleannot divisible by 2 source
• min(other: Self): Selfthe smaller of the two source
• max(other: Self): Selfthe larger of the two source
• clamp(range: Range<Self>): Selfself kept within range source
• pow(exponent: U32): Selfself raised to exponent - an OverflowError when it doesn't fit source
• sqrt(): CastError ! Selffloor of the square root - a CastError below zero source
• gcd(other: Self): Selfgreatest common divisor - 0 when both are 0 source
• lcm(other: Self): Selfleast common multiple - 0 when either is 0 source
• divMod(other: Self): (Self, Self)(a // b, a % b) source
• modulo(other: Self): Selfalways the divisor's sign, unlike % source
• checkedAdd(other: Self): OverflowError ! Selfa + b - the OverflowError as a value to handle source
• checkedSubtract(other: Self): OverflowError ! Selfa - b - the OverflowError as a value to handle source
• checkedMultiply(other: Self): OverflowError ! Selfa * b - the OverflowError as a value to handle source
• wrappingAdd(other: Self): Selfa +% b source
• wrappingSubtract(other: Self): Selfa -% b source
• wrappingMultiply(other: Self): Selfa *% b source
• saturatingAdd(other: Self): Selfa +| b source
• saturatingSubtract(other: Self): Selfa -| b source
• saturatingMultiply(other: Self): Selfa *| b source
• bor(other: Self): Selfa bor b source
• bxor(other: Self): Selfa bxor b source
• band(other: Self): Selfa band b source
• bnot(): Self~a source
• shl(count: U64): Selfa shl b source
• shr(count: U64): Selfa shr b (arithmetic for S*, logical for U*) source
• rotateLeft(count: U8): Selfbits shifted left, those falling off the top coming back at the bottom source
• rotateRight(count: U8): Selfbits shifted right, those falling off the bottom coming back at the top source
• countOnes(): U8bits set source
• countZeros(): U8bits clear source
• leadingZeros(): U8clear bits above the highest set one - bits() when zero source
• trailingZeros(): U8clear bits below the lowest set one - bits() when zero source
• isPowerOfTwo(): Booleanexactly one bit set source
• bit(index: U8): Booleanbit index is set - 0 the least significant source
• withBit(index: U8, value: Boolean): Selfself with bit index set or cleared source
• toString(radix: U8 := 10): StringToString, with an optional radix source
• toBytes(): Byteslittle-endian source
• toFloat(): Floatnearest F64 - `as Float` source
• toBigInteger(): BigIntegerthe same number, as a BigInteger source
• toCodepoint(): CastError ! Codepointthe codepoint with this value - a CastError for surrogates, negatives and above 0x10FFFF source
• checkedCast<Target>(): CastError ! Target`as`, with a CastError where `as` gives an OverflowError source

U8 U16 U32 U64 U128 U256 S8 S16 S32 S64 S128 S256 (and Integer, UnsignedInteger, SignedInteger through their aliases)

+ - * // ^ and `as` give an OverflowError for a result that doesn't fit; +% -% *% wrap around and

+| -| *| fill up to min() / max() instead (the wrapping / saturating methods)

Implements Equatable, Hashable, Comparable, Bounded, ToString, FromString (radix 10), Numeric, Bitwise, Steppable, Castable<every numeric type>, Default (0), Copy

Functions

• min(): Selfsmallest value source
• max(): Selflargest value source
• bits(): U168, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256 source
• parse(text: String, radix: U8 := 10): ParseError ! Selfin the given radix (2 to 36), optional sign, _ separators allowed source
• fromBytes(bytes: Bytes): ParseError ! Selflittle-endian, exactly bits() / 8 bytes source

Methods

• abs(): SelfS*.min().abs() is an OverflowError source
• sign(): S8-1 | 0 | 1 source
• isZero(): Boolean== 0 source
• isPositive(): Boolean> 0 source
• isNegative(): Boolean< 0 source
• isEven(): Booleandivisible by 2 source
• isOdd(): Booleannot divisible by 2 source
• min(other: Self): Selfthe smaller of the two source
• max(other: Self): Selfthe larger of the two source
• clamp(range: Range<Self>): Selfself kept within range source
• pow(exponent: U32): Selfself raised to exponent - an OverflowError when it doesn't fit source
• sqrt(): CastError ! Selffloor of the square root - a CastError below zero source
• gcd(other: Self): Selfgreatest common divisor - 0 when both are 0 source
• lcm(other: Self): Selfleast common multiple - 0 when either is 0 source
• divMod(other: Self): (Self, Self)(a // b, a % b) source
• modulo(other: Self): Selfalways the divisor's sign, unlike % source
• checkedAdd(other: Self): OverflowError ! Selfa + b - the OverflowError as a value to handle source
• checkedSubtract(other: Self): OverflowError ! Selfa - b - the OverflowError as a value to handle source
• checkedMultiply(other: Self): OverflowError ! Selfa * b - the OverflowError as a value to handle source
• wrappingAdd(other: Self): Selfa +% b source
• wrappingSubtract(other: Self): Selfa -% b source
• wrappingMultiply(other: Self): Selfa *% b source
• saturatingAdd(other: Self): Selfa +| b source
• saturatingSubtract(other: Self): Selfa -| b source
• saturatingMultiply(other: Self): Selfa *| b source
• bor(other: Self): Selfa bor b source
• bxor(other: Self): Selfa bxor b source
• band(other: Self): Selfa band b source
• bnot(): Self~a source
• shl(count: U64): Selfa shl b source
• shr(count: U64): Selfa shr b (arithmetic for S*, logical for U*) source
• rotateLeft(count: U8): Selfbits shifted left, those falling off the top coming back at the bottom source
• rotateRight(count: U8): Selfbits shifted right, those falling off the bottom coming back at the top source
• countOnes(): U8bits set source
• countZeros(): U8bits clear source
• leadingZeros(): U8clear bits above the highest set one - bits() when zero source
• trailingZeros(): U8clear bits below the lowest set one - bits() when zero source
• isPowerOfTwo(): Booleanexactly one bit set source
• bit(index: U8): Booleanbit index is set - 0 the least significant source
• withBit(index: U8, value: Boolean): Selfself with bit index set or cleared source
• toString(radix: U8 := 10): StringToString, with an optional radix source
• toBytes(): Byteslittle-endian source
• toFloat(): Floatnearest F64 - `as Float` source
• toBigInteger(): BigIntegerthe same number, as a BigInteger source
• toCodepoint(): CastError ! Codepointthe codepoint with this value - a CastError for surrogates, negatives and above 0x10FFFF source
• checkedCast<Target>(): CastError ! Target`as`, with a CastError where `as` gives an OverflowError source

U8 U16 U32 U64 U128 U256 S8 S16 S32 S64 S128 S256 (and Integer, UnsignedInteger, SignedInteger through their aliases)

+ - * // ^ and `as` give an OverflowError for a result that doesn't fit; +% -% *% wrap around and

+| -| *| fill up to min() / max() instead (the wrapping / saturating methods)

Implements Equatable, Hashable, Comparable, Bounded, ToString, FromString (radix 10), Numeric, Bitwise, Steppable, Castable<every numeric type>, Default (0), Copy

Functions

• min(): Selfsmallest value source
• max(): Selflargest value source
• bits(): U168, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256 source
• parse(text: String, radix: U8 := 10): ParseError ! Selfin the given radix (2 to 36), optional sign, _ separators allowed source
• fromBytes(bytes: Bytes): ParseError ! Selflittle-endian, exactly bits() / 8 bytes source

Methods

• abs(): SelfS*.min().abs() is an OverflowError source
• sign(): S8-1 | 0 | 1 source
• isZero(): Boolean== 0 source
• isPositive(): Boolean> 0 source
• isNegative(): Boolean< 0 source
• isEven(): Booleandivisible by 2 source
• isOdd(): Booleannot divisible by 2 source
• min(other: Self): Selfthe smaller of the two source
• max(other: Self): Selfthe larger of the two source
• clamp(range: Range<Self>): Selfself kept within range source
• pow(exponent: U32): Selfself raised to exponent - an OverflowError when it doesn't fit source
• sqrt(): CastError ! Selffloor of the square root - a CastError below zero source
• gcd(other: Self): Selfgreatest common divisor - 0 when both are 0 source
• lcm(other: Self): Selfleast common multiple - 0 when either is 0 source
• divMod(other: Self): (Self, Self)(a // b, a % b) source
• modulo(other: Self): Selfalways the divisor's sign, unlike % source
• checkedAdd(other: Self): OverflowError ! Selfa + b - the OverflowError as a value to handle source
• checkedSubtract(other: Self): OverflowError ! Selfa - b - the OverflowError as a value to handle source
• checkedMultiply(other: Self): OverflowError ! Selfa * b - the OverflowError as a value to handle source
• wrappingAdd(other: Self): Selfa +% b source
• wrappingSubtract(other: Self): Selfa -% b source
• wrappingMultiply(other: Self): Selfa *% b source
• saturatingAdd(other: Self): Selfa +| b source
• saturatingSubtract(other: Self): Selfa -| b source
• saturatingMultiply(other: Self): Selfa *| b source
• bor(other: Self): Selfa bor b source
• bxor(other: Self): Selfa bxor b source
• band(other: Self): Selfa band b source
• bnot(): Self~a source
• shl(count: U64): Selfa shl b source
• shr(count: U64): Selfa shr b (arithmetic for S*, logical for U*) source
• rotateLeft(count: U8): Selfbits shifted left, those falling off the top coming back at the bottom source
• rotateRight(count: U8): Selfbits shifted right, those falling off the bottom coming back at the top source
• countOnes(): U8bits set source
• countZeros(): U8bits clear source
• leadingZeros(): U8clear bits above the highest set one - bits() when zero source
• trailingZeros(): U8clear bits below the lowest set one - bits() when zero source
• isPowerOfTwo(): Booleanexactly one bit set source
• bit(index: U8): Booleanbit index is set - 0 the least significant source
• withBit(index: U8, value: Boolean): Selfself with bit index set or cleared source
• toString(radix: U8 := 10): StringToString, with an optional radix source
• toBytes(): Byteslittle-endian source
• toFloat(): Floatnearest F64 - `as Float` source
• toBigInteger(): BigIntegerthe same number, as a BigInteger source
• toCodepoint(): CastError ! Codepointthe codepoint with this value - a CastError for surrogates, negatives and above 0x10FFFF source
• checkedCast<Target>(): CastError ! Target`as`, with a CastError where `as` gives an OverflowError source

U8 U16 U32 U64 U128 U256 S8 S16 S32 S64 S128 S256 (and Integer, UnsignedInteger, SignedInteger through their aliases)

+ - * // ^ and `as` give an OverflowError for a result that doesn't fit; +% -% *% wrap around and

+| -| *| fill up to min() / max() instead (the wrapping / saturating methods)

Implements Equatable, Hashable, Comparable, Bounded, ToString, FromString (radix 10), Numeric, Bitwise, Steppable, Castable<every numeric type>, Default (0), Copy

Functions

• min(): Selfsmallest value source
• max(): Selflargest value source
• bits(): U168, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256 source
• parse(text: String, radix: U8 := 10): ParseError ! Selfin the given radix (2 to 36), optional sign, _ separators allowed source
• fromBytes(bytes: Bytes): ParseError ! Selflittle-endian, exactly bits() / 8 bytes source

Methods

• abs(): SelfS*.min().abs() is an OverflowError source
• sign(): S8-1 | 0 | 1 source
• isZero(): Boolean== 0 source
• isPositive(): Boolean> 0 source
• isNegative(): Boolean< 0 source
• isEven(): Booleandivisible by 2 source
• isOdd(): Booleannot divisible by 2 source
• min(other: Self): Selfthe smaller of the two source
• max(other: Self): Selfthe larger of the two source
• clamp(range: Range<Self>): Selfself kept within range source
• pow(exponent: U32): Selfself raised to exponent - an OverflowError when it doesn't fit source
• sqrt(): CastError ! Selffloor of the square root - a CastError below zero source
• gcd(other: Self): Selfgreatest common divisor - 0 when both are 0 source
• lcm(other: Self): Selfleast common multiple - 0 when either is 0 source
• divMod(other: Self): (Self, Self)(a // b, a % b) source
• modulo(other: Self): Selfalways the divisor's sign, unlike % source
• checkedAdd(other: Self): OverflowError ! Selfa + b - the OverflowError as a value to handle source
• checkedSubtract(other: Self): OverflowError ! Selfa - b - the OverflowError as a value to handle source
• checkedMultiply(other: Self): OverflowError ! Selfa * b - the OverflowError as a value to handle source
• wrappingAdd(other: Self): Selfa +% b source
• wrappingSubtract(other: Self): Selfa -% b source
• wrappingMultiply(other: Self): Selfa *% b source
• saturatingAdd(other: Self): Selfa +| b source
• saturatingSubtract(other: Self): Selfa -| b source
• saturatingMultiply(other: Self): Selfa *| b source
• bor(other: Self): Selfa bor b source
• bxor(other: Self): Selfa bxor b source
• band(other: Self): Selfa band b source
• bnot(): Self~a source
• shl(count: U64): Selfa shl b source
• shr(count: U64): Selfa shr b (arithmetic for S*, logical for U*) source
• rotateLeft(count: U8): Selfbits shifted left, those falling off the top coming back at the bottom source
• rotateRight(count: U8): Selfbits shifted right, those falling off the bottom coming back at the top source
• countOnes(): U8bits set source
• countZeros(): U8bits clear source
• leadingZeros(): U8clear bits above the highest set one - bits() when zero source
• trailingZeros(): U8clear bits below the lowest set one - bits() when zero source
• isPowerOfTwo(): Booleanexactly one bit set source
• bit(index: U8): Booleanbit index is set - 0 the least significant source
• withBit(index: U8, value: Boolean): Selfself with bit index set or cleared source
• toString(radix: U8 := 10): StringToString, with an optional radix source
• toBytes(): Byteslittle-endian source
• toFloat(): Floatnearest F64 - `as Float` source
• toBigInteger(): BigIntegerthe same number, as a BigInteger source
• toCodepoint(): CastError ! Codepointthe codepoint with this value - a CastError for surrogates, negatives and above 0x10FFFF source
• checkedCast<Target>(): CastError ! Target`as`, with a CastError where `as` gives an OverflowError source

U8 U16 U32 U64 U128 U256 S8 S16 S32 S64 S128 S256 (and Integer, UnsignedInteger, SignedInteger through their aliases)

+ - * // ^ and `as` give an OverflowError for a result that doesn't fit; +% -% *% wrap around and

+| -| *| fill up to min() / max() instead (the wrapping / saturating methods)

Implements Equatable, Hashable, Comparable, Bounded, ToString, FromString (radix 10), Numeric, Bitwise, Steppable, Castable<every numeric type>, Default (0), Copy

Functions

• min(): Selfsmallest value source
• max(): Selflargest value source
• bits(): U168, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256 source
• parse(text: String, radix: U8 := 10): ParseError ! Selfin the given radix (2 to 36), optional sign, _ separators allowed source
• fromBytes(bytes: Bytes): ParseError ! Selflittle-endian, exactly bits() / 8 bytes source

Methods

• abs(): SelfS*.min().abs() is an OverflowError source
• sign(): S8-1 | 0 | 1 source
• isZero(): Boolean== 0 source
• isPositive(): Boolean> 0 source
• isNegative(): Boolean< 0 source
• isEven(): Booleandivisible by 2 source
• isOdd(): Booleannot divisible by 2 source
• min(other: Self): Selfthe smaller of the two source
• max(other: Self): Selfthe larger of the two source
• clamp(range: Range<Self>): Selfself kept within range source
• pow(exponent: U32): Selfself raised to exponent - an OverflowError when it doesn't fit source
• sqrt(): CastError ! Selffloor of the square root - a CastError below zero source
• gcd(other: Self): Selfgreatest common divisor - 0 when both are 0 source
• lcm(other: Self): Selfleast common multiple - 0 when either is 0 source
• divMod(other: Self): (Self, Self)(a // b, a % b) source
• modulo(other: Self): Selfalways the divisor's sign, unlike % source
• checkedAdd(other: Self): OverflowError ! Selfa + b - the OverflowError as a value to handle source
• checkedSubtract(other: Self): OverflowError ! Selfa - b - the OverflowError as a value to handle source
• checkedMultiply(other: Self): OverflowError ! Selfa * b - the OverflowError as a value to handle source
• wrappingAdd(other: Self): Selfa +% b source
• wrappingSubtract(other: Self): Selfa -% b source
• wrappingMultiply(other: Self): Selfa *% b source
• saturatingAdd(other: Self): Selfa +| b source
• saturatingSubtract(other: Self): Selfa -| b source
• saturatingMultiply(other: Self): Selfa *| b source
• bor(other: Self): Selfa bor b source
• bxor(other: Self): Selfa bxor b source
• band(other: Self): Selfa band b source
• bnot(): Self~a source
• shl(count: U64): Selfa shl b source
• shr(count: U64): Selfa shr b (arithmetic for S*, logical for U*) source
• rotateLeft(count: U8): Selfbits shifted left, those falling off the top coming back at the bottom source
• rotateRight(count: U8): Selfbits shifted right, those falling off the bottom coming back at the top source
• countOnes(): U8bits set source
• countZeros(): U8bits clear source
• leadingZeros(): U8clear bits above the highest set one - bits() when zero source
• trailingZeros(): U8clear bits below the lowest set one - bits() when zero source
• isPowerOfTwo(): Booleanexactly one bit set source
• bit(index: U8): Booleanbit index is set - 0 the least significant source
• withBit(index: U8, value: Boolean): Selfself with bit index set or cleared source
• toString(radix: U8 := 10): StringToString, with an optional radix source
• toBytes(): Byteslittle-endian source
• toFloat(): Floatnearest F64 - `as Float` source
• toBigInteger(): BigIntegerthe same number, as a BigInteger source
• toCodepoint(): CastError ! Codepointthe codepoint with this value - a CastError for surrogates, negatives and above 0x10FFFF source
• checkedCast<Target>(): CastError ! Target`as`, with a CastError where `as` gives an OverflowError source